
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Surname diversity \\ of patent}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Log distinct \\ surnames of patent}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Surname dispersion \\ of patent}} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Genetic distance \\ weighted surname \\ diversity of patent}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3} \cmidrule(lr){4-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-7} \cmidrule(lr){8-9}
                                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                            & 0.111$^{**}$  & 0.106$^{*}$   & 0.101$^{*}$   & 0.101$^{*}$   & 0.118$^{*}$   & 0.117$^{*}$   & 0.078         & 0.077\\   
                                                & (0.056)       & (0.056)       & (0.054)       & (0.054)       & (0.061)       & (0.061)       & (0.053)       & (0.053)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname diversity                  & 0.069$^{**}$  & 0.070$^{***}$ & 0.062$^{**}$  & 0.066$^{***}$ & 0.077$^{***}$ & 0.077$^{***}$ & 0.058$^{**}$  & 0.060$^{**}$\\   
                                                & (0.028)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)       & (0.025)       & (0.029)       & (0.029)       & (0.026)       & (0.025)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname diversity                            & 0.332$^{**}$  & 0.334$^{***}$ & 0.298$^{**}$  & 0.316$^{***}$ & 0.368$^{***}$ & 0.367$^{***}$ & 0.277$^{**}$  & 0.286$^{**}$\\   
                                                & (0.134)       & (0.124)       & (0.128)       & (0.117)       & (0.138)       & (0.138)       & (0.120)       & (0.116)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat          & 35            & 35            & 35            & 35            & 35            & 35            & 35            & 35\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Surname diversity \\ of patent}} &  &  &  &  &  & \\
\cmidrule(lr){2-3}
   Predicted surname diversity                  & 0.209$^{***}$ & 0.209$^{***}$ &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
                                                & (0.035)       & (0.035)       &  &  &  &  &  &  \\
    \\
   County fixed effects                         & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects                   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Patent technology field-Period fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Team size fixed effects                      &               & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                                 & 162,424       & 162,424       & 162,424       & 162,424       & 162,424       & 162,424       & 162,424       & 162,424\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


